Last updated: 14 February 2011

• Buddenberg, Doris and William A. Byrd. Afghanistan's Drug Industry: Structure, Functioning, Dynamics and Implications for Counter-Narcotics Policy. Vienna, Austria: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; The World Bank, November 2006.

• Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, United States Department of State. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report: Volume I: Drug and Chemical Control. Washington, DC: United States Department of State, 1 March 2010.

• Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, United States Department of State. 2009 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report: Country Reports - Afghanistan. Washington, DC: United States Department of State, 27 February 2009. 

• Caulkins, Jonathan P., Mark A. R. Kleiman, and Jonathan D. Kulick. Drug Production and Trafficking, Counterdrug Policies, and Security and Governance in Afghanistan. New York, NY: Center on International Cooperation, New York University, June 2010.

• Cordesman, Anthony H. The Afghan Narcotics Industry: A Summary. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic & International Studies, 12 November 2009.

• Felbab-Brown, Vanda. "Afghanistan: When Counternarcotics Undermines Counterterrorism." The Washington Quarterly 28, no. 4 (Autumn 2005): 55.

• ———. Narco-Belligerents Across the Globe: Lessons from Colombia for Afghanistan?. Madrid: Real Instituto Elcano, 28 October 2009.

• ———. The Obama Administration's New Counternarcotics Strategy in Afghanistan: Its Promises and Potential Pitfalls. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institute, September 2009.

• ———. Opium Licensing in Afghanistan: Its Desirability and Feasibility. Washington, DC: Foreign Policy at Brookings Institute, August 2007. 

• Goodhand, Jonathan. Bandits, Borderlands and Opium Wars: Afghan State-Building Viewed from the Margins. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies, 2009.

• ———. "Frontiers and Wars: The Opium Economy in Afghanistan." Journal of Agrarian Change 5, no. 2 (April 2005): 191.

• Hussain, Hamid and Ahmad Qayum. Situational Analysis of Drug Users in Afghan Refugees Camps of NWFP, Pakistan 2005-2006. Vienna, Austria: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2006.

• International Narcotics Control Board. "Analysis of the World Situation: Asia." In Report of the INCB for 2009, 98. Vienna, Austria: INCB, 24 February 2010.

• Lind, Jo Thori, Karle Ove Moene, and Fredrik Willumsen. Opium for the Masses? Conflict-Induced Narcotics Production in Afghanistan. Munich: CESifo, March 2009.

• MacDonald, Brian. Cutting the Afghanistan Opium Harvest? Ottawa, ON: Conference of Defence Associations, 27 May 2009.

• Macdonald, David. Afghanistan’s Hidden Drug Problem: The Misuse of Psychotropics. Kabul, Afghanistan: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, October 2008.

• Mansfield, David. "Poppy Free" Provinces: A Measure Or a Target?. Kabul, Afghanistan: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, 21 April 2009.

• ———. Counter-Narcotics Mainstreaming in ADB's Activities in Afghanistan, 2002-2006. Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, February 2007.

• ———. Where have all the Flowers Gone? Assessing the Sustainability of Current Reductions in Opium Production in Afghanistan. Kabul, Afghanistan: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, May 2010.

• Mansfield, David and Adam Pain. Counter-Narcotics in Afghanistan: The Failure of Success?. Kabul, Afghanistan: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, December 2008.

• ———. Evidence from the Field: Understanding Changing Levels of Opium Poppy Cultivation in Afghanistan. Kabul, Afghanistan: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, November 2007.

• Ministry of Counter-Narcotics, Government of Afghanistan. National Drug Control Strategy: An Updated Five-Year Strategy for Tackling the Illicit Drug Problem. Kabul: Ministry of Counter-Narcotics, Government of Afghanistan, January 2006.

• Obama, Barack. Memorandum for the Secretary of State: Presidential Determination on Major Illicit Drug Transit Or Major Illicit Drug Producing Countries for Fiscal Year 2010. Washington, DC: Government of the United States; Office of the Press Secretary, 15 September 2009.

• Pain, Adam. Opium Poppy and Informal Credit. Kabul, Afghanistan: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, October 2008.

• Rubin, Barnett R. Road to Ruin: Afghanistan's Booming Opium Industry. New York, NY: Center for American Progress; Center on International Cooperation, New York University, 7 October 2004.

• Rubin, Barnett R. and Jake Sherman. Counter-Narcotics to Stabilize Afghanistan: The False Promise of Crop Eradication. New York, NY: Center on International Cooperation, New York University, February 2008.

• The Senlis Council. Poppy for Medicine: Licensing Poppy for the Production of Essential Medicines: An Integrated Counter-Narcotics, Development, and Counter-Insurgency Model for Afghanistan. London: The Senlis Council, June 2007.

• United Nations Development Programme, Afghanistan and Counter Narcotics Trust Fund. Counter Narcotics Trust Fund: Annual Progress Report 2009. Kabul: UNDP; CNTF, 2009.

• United Nations Economic and Social Council and Commission on Narcotic Drugs. Provision of International Assistance to the Most Affected States Neighbouring Afghanistan: Report of the Executive Director. Vienna, Austria: UN ECOSOC, 5 January 2009.

• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Addiction, Crime and Insurgency: The Transnational Threat of Afghan Opium. Vienna, Austria: UNODC, 22 October 2009.

• ———. Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan: Border Management Cooperation in Drug Control. Vienna, Austria: UNODC, April 2008.

• ———. Alternative Livelihoods Database Analysis Report: Alternative Livelihoods Investment and Opium Poppy Cultivation Trends 2003-2007. Vienna, Austria: UNODC, October 2008.

• ———. Drug use in Afghanistan: 2009 Survey: Executive Summary. Vienna, Austria: UNODC, 2010.

• ———. Drug Use Survey 2010: Assessment of Drug use Levels and Associated High-Risk Behaviours Amongst the Prison Population of Sarpoza Prison, Kandahar. Vienna, Austria: UNODC, June 2010.

• ———. Opium Poppy Free Road Map and Provincial Profiles. Vienna, Austria: UNODC, June 2008.

• ———. Priority Needs Assessment Summary Report: Former Opium Poppy Farmers in Charbolak, Dehdadi and Kaldar Districts in Balkh. Vienna, Austria: UNODC, October 2008.

• ———. Priority Needs Assessment Summary Report: Former Opium Poppy Farmers in Khash, Kishim, and Shar-e Buzurg Districts in Badakhstan. Vienna, Austria: UNODC, October 2008.

• ———. Securing Central Asia's Borders with Afghanistan. Vienna, Austria: UNODC, September 2007.

• ———. Targeting Precursors used in Heroin Manufacture. Vienna, Austria: UNODC, May 2007.

• ———. World Drug Report 2010. Vienna, Austria: UNODC, 23 June 2010.

• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and Ministry of Counter-Narcotics, Government of Afghanistan. Afghanistan Cannabis Survey 2009. Vienna, Austria: UNODC; Ministry of Counter-Narcotics, Government of Afghanistan, April 2010.

• ———. Afghanistan Opium Survey 2010: Summary Findings. Vienna, Austria: UNODC; Ministry of Counter-Narcotics, Government of Afghanistan, September 2010.

• United States Department of State. U.S. Counternarcotics Strategy for Afghanistan. Washington, DC: United States Department of State, March 2010.

• United States Department of State and Broadcasting Board of Governors, Office of Inspector General. Status of the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs Counternarcotics Programs in Afghanistan: Performance Audit. Washington, DC: United States Office of Inspector General, December 2009.

• United States Government Accountability Office. Afghanistan Drug Control: Strategy Evolving and Progress Reported, but Interim Performance Targets and Evaluation of Justice Reform Efforts Needed. Washington, DC: US GAO, March 2010.

• United States Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations. Afghanistan's Narco War: Breaking the Link between Drug Traffickers and Insurgents. Washington, DC: USSCFR, 10 August 2009.

• van Ham, Peter and Jorrit Kamminga. "Poppies for Peace: Reforming Afghanistan's Opium Industry." The Washington Quarterly 30, no. 1 (2007): 69.

• Ward, Christopher and William Byrd. Afghanistan's Opium Drug Industry. Washington, DC: South Asia Poverty Reduction, World Bank, December 2004.

• Ward, Christopher, David Mansfield, Peter Oldham, and William Byrd. Afghanistan: Economic Incentives and Development Initiatives to Reduce Opium Production. Washington, DC: The World Bank; UK Department for International Development, February 2008.